Many of them will not be knowing the airlines operating @ India

Let see about the airlines operation from India

As of 30 October 2007 the total fleet size of commercial airlines in India is 439. In 1994 the Air Corporation Act of 1953 was repealed with a view to remove monopoly of air corporations on scheduled services, enable private airlines to operate scheduled service, convert Indian Airlines and Air India to limited company and enable private participation in the national carriers.However, beginning 1990 private airline companies were allowed to operate air taxi services, resulting in the establishment of Jet Airways and Air Sahara. These changes in the Indian aviation policies resulted in the increase of the share of private airline operators in domestic passenger carriage to 68.5% in 2005 from 0.4 of 1991.


Role of Market Share @ Indian Aviation Industry
Current market share of Indian carriers in the domestic aviation market is shown below:

Jet Airways and Jet Lite	25.9%
Kingfisher Airlines	21.4%
NACIL	18.2%
IndiGo	15.7%
SpiceJet	12.6%
GoAir	5.9%
Paramount Airways	0.3%

Operational airlines

List of airlines today in the market @ India

AIRLINE	ICAO	IATA	CALLSIGN	COMMENCED OPERATIONS	Headquarters
Jet Airways	JAI	9W	JET AIRWAYS	May 1993	Mumbai International Airport
Jet Lite	RSH	S2	LITEJET	April 2007	Mumbai International Airport
Kingfisher Airlines	KFR	IT	KINGFISHER	May 2005	Bangalore International Airport
Kingfisher Red	DKN	IT	DECCAN	August 2003	Bangalore International Airport
Air India	AIC	AI	AIR INDIA	October 1932	Indira Gandhi International Airport
Air-India Express	AXB	IX	EXPRESS INDIA	April 2005	Mumbai International Airport
Air India Regional	AXB	IX	EXPRESS INDIA	April 2005	Mumbai International Airport
GoAir	GOW	G8	GOAIR	June 2004	Mumbai International Airport
Indian Airlines	IAC	IC	INDIANAIR	May 1953	Indira Gandhi International Airport
SpiceJet	SEJ	SG	SPICEJET	May 2005	Chennai International Airport
Jagson Airlines	JGN	JA	JAGSON	November 1991	Indira Gandhi International Airport
IndiGo Airlines	IGO	6E	IFLY	August 2006	Indira Gandhi International Airport
MDLR Airlines	-	9H	MDLR	March 2007	Indira Gandhi International Airport
Paramount Airways	PMW	I7	PARAWAY	October 2005	Chennai International Airport

Sourse:Online Media and other websites

What is Crictical mach Number?

In aerodynamics, the critical Mach number (Mcr) of an aircraft is the lowest Mach number at which the airflow over a small region of the wing reaches the speed of sound.

For all aircraft in flight, the airflow around the aircraft is not exactly the same as the airspeed of the aircraft due to the airflow speeding up and slowing down to travel around the aircraft structure. At the Critical Mach number, local airflow in some areas near the airframe reaches the speed of sound, even though the aircraft itself has an airspeed lower than Mach 1.0. This creates a weak shock wave. At speeds faster than the Critical Mach number:

* drag coefficient increases suddenly, causing dramatically increased drag.

* in aircraft not designed for transonic or supersonic speeds, changes to the airflow over the flight control surfaces lead to deterioration in control of the aircraft.

In aircraft not designed to fly at the Critical Mach number, shock waves in the flow over the wing and tailplane were sufficient to stall the wing, make control surfaces ineffective or lead to loss of control such as Mach tuck. The phenomena associated with problems at the Critical Mach number became known as compressibility. Compressibility led to a number of accidents involving high-speed military and experimental aircraft in the 1930s and 1940s.

Although unknown at the time, compressibility was the cause of the phenomenon known as the sound barrier. Subsonic aircraft such as the Supermarine Spitfire, BF 109, P-51 Mustang, Gloster Meteor, Me 262, P-80 have relatively thick, unswept wings and are incapable of reaching Mach 1.0. In 1947, Chuck Yeager flew the Bell X-1 to Mach 1.0 and beyond, and the sound barrier was finally broken.

Early transonic military aircraft such as the Hawker Hunter and F-86 Sabre were designed to fly satisfactorily faster than their Critical Mach number. They did not possess sufficient engine thrust to reach Mach 1.0 in level flight but could be dived to Mach 1.0 and beyond, and remain controllable. Modern passenger-carrying jet aircraft such as Airbus and Boeing aircraft have Maximum Operating Mach numbers slower than Mach 1.0.

Supersonic aircraft, such as Concorde, the English Electric Lightning, Lockheed F-104, Dassault Mirage III, and MiG 21 are designed to exceed Mach 1.0 in level flight. They have very thin wings. Their Critical Mach numbers are faster than those of subsonic and transonic aircraft but less than Mach 1.0.

The actual Critical Mach number varies from wing to wing. In general a thicker wing will have a lower Critical Mach number, because a thicker wing accelerates the airflow to a faster speed than a thinner one. For instance, the fairly thick wing on the P-38 Lightning led to a Critical Mach number of about .69, a speed it could reach with some ease in dives, which led to a number of crashes. The much thinner wing on the Supermarine Spitfire caused this aircraft to have a Critical Mach number of about 0.89.

How to calculate the Mach Number?

Assuming air to be an ideal gas, the formula to compute Mach number in a subsonic compressible flow is derived from Bernoulli's equation for M<1:[3]

where:

\ M is Mach number
\ q_c is impact pressure and
\ P is static pressure
\ \gamma is the ratio of specific heat of a gas at a constant pressure to heat at a constant volume (1.4 for air).

The formula to compute Mach number in a supersonic compressible flow is derived from the Rayleigh Supersonic Pitot equation:

where:

\ q_c is now impact pressure measured behind a normal shock.

Courtesy:Wikipedia,Wiki Dictionary,NASA-USA

What is Mach Number?

         Mach number (Ma or M) (generally pronounced /ˈmɑːk/, sometimes /ˈmɑːx/ or /ˈmæk/) is the speed of an object moving through air, or any other fluid substance, divided by the speed of sound as it is in that substance for its particular physical conditions, including those of temperature and pressure. It is commonly used to represent the speed of an object when it is travelling close to or above the speed of sound.

\ M = \frac {{v_s}}{{u}}

where

\ M is the Mach number
\ v_s is the speed of the source (the object relative to the medium) and
\ u is the speed of sound in the medium

The Mach number is named after Austrian physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach. Because the Mach number is often viewed as a dimensionless quantity rather than a unit of measure, with Mach, the number comes after the unit; the second Mach number is "Mach 2" instead of "2 Mach" (or Machs). This is somewhat reminiscent of the early modern ocean sounding unit "mark" (a synonym for fathom), which was also unit-first, and may have influenced the use of the term Mach. In the decade preceding faster-than-sound human flight, aeronautical engineers referred to the speed of sound as Mach's number, never "Mach 1.

Aerodynamics

       Aerodynamics is a branch of dynamics concerned with studying the motion of air, particularly when it interacts with a moving object. Aerodynamics is a subfield of fluid dynamics and gas dynamics, with much theory shared between them. Aerodynamics is often used synonymously with gas dynamics, with the difference being that gas dynamics applies to all gases. Understanding the motion of air (often called a flow field) around an object enables the calculation of forces and moments acting on the object. Typical properties calculated for a flow field include velocity, pressure, density and temperature as a function of position and time. By defining a control volume around the flow field, equations for the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy can be defined and used to solve for the properties. The use of aerodynamics through mathematical analysis, empirical approximation and wind tunnel experimentation form the scientific basis for heavier-than-air flight.

        Aerodynamic problems can be identified in a number of ways. The flow environment defines the first classification criterion. External aerodynamics is the study of flow around solid objects of various shapes. Evaluating the lift and drag on an airplane or the shock waves that form in front of the nose of a rocket are examples of external aerodynamics. Internal aerodynamics is the study of flow through passages in solid objects. For instance, internal aerodynamics encompasses the study of the airflow through a jet engine or through an air conditioning pipe.

           The ratio of the problem's characteristic flow speed to the speed of sound comprises a second classification of aerodynamic problems. A problem is called subsonic if all the speeds in the problem are less than the speed of sound, transonic if speeds both below and above the speed of sound are present (normally when the characteristic speed is approximately the speed of sound), supersonic when the characteristic flow speed is greater than the speed of sound, and hypersonic when the flow speed is much greater than the speed of sound. Aerodynamicists disagree over the precise definition of hypersonic flow; minimum Mach numbers for hypersonic flow range from 3 to 12.

           The influence of viscosity in the flow dictates a third classification. Some problems may encounter only very small viscous effects on the solution, in which case viscosity can be considered to be negligible. The approximations to these problems are called inviscid flows. Flows for which viscosity cannot be neglected are called viscous flows.

Clapeyrons Three Moment Equation- Aircraft Structure

In civil engineering and structural analysis Clapeyron's theorem of three moments is a relationship among the bending moments at three consecutive supports of a horizontal beam.

Let A,B,C be the three consecutive points of support, and denote by l the length of AB by l' the length of BC, by w and w' the weight per unit of length in these segments. Then[1] the bending moments M_A,\, M_B,\, M_C at the three points are related by:

M_A l + 2 M_B (l+l') +M_C l' = \frac{1}{4} w l^3 + \frac{1}{4} w' (l')^3.

This equation can also be written as [2]

M_A l + 2 M_B (l+l') +M_C l' = \frac{6 a_1 x_1}{l} + \frac{6 a_2 x_2}{l'}

where a1 is the area on the bending moment diagram due to vertical loads on AB, a2 is the area due to loads on BC, x1 is the distance from A to the center of gravity for the b.m. diagram for AB, x2 is the distance from C to the c.g. for the b.m. diagram for BC.

The second equation is more general as it does not require that the weight of each segment be distributed uniformly.

Aircraft Structure !@#$%^&*

Aircraft structure is another important subject to be learned,if u wanna to design a aircraft , u should first learn about the Aircraft Structure

Let me ask you.Does a aircraft will be worthy without a structure?
Whether the building will stand straight if u didnt lay proper foundation?

This same is in Aircraft

In Aircraft Structure , we will be learning about the different types of beams and columns subjected to various types of loading and support conditions with particular emphasis on aircraft structural components...

Wanna Learn More about Aircraft Design

so u should first study about Aircraft Design
I prefer the Aircraft Design : A Conceptual Approach by Daniel.P.Raymer

First of all design is classified into three basic steps..
Conceptual Design
Preliminary Design
& Detailed Design

First of all what is done at Conceptual Design:
1.Will it work?
2.What does it look like?
3.What requirements should drive the design?
4.What trade offs should be considered?
5.What should it weigh and cost?

Preliminary Design
1.Freeze the Configuration
2.Develop Lofting
3.Develop Test & Analaytical Base
4.Design Major Items.
5.Develop Actual Cost Estimate for the aircraft

Detail Design
1.Design Actual Pieces to be built
2.Design the tooling and fabrication process.
3.Test the major items - Structure landing gear
4.Finalize weight and performance estomates

these are three phases of design..

There is an interesting game as Airline Manager

this game same as the real time environment but an virtual one...its a good simulator ..for aspiring ..Airline Managers

Link
http://apps.facebook.com/airline_manager/?ref=ts

Lets see about the future devices that will CVR as well as FDR

As u know CVR is known as cockpit voice recorder and FDR as Flight Data Recorder

The U.S. National Transportation Safety Board has asked for the installation of cockpit image recorders in large transport aircraft to provide information that would supplement existing CVR and FDR data in accident investigations. They also recommended image recorders be placed into smaller aircraft that are not required to have a CVR or FDR.

Such systems, estimated to cost less than $8,000 installed, typically consist of a camera and microphone located in the cockpit to continuously record cockpit instrumentation, the outside viewing area, engine sounds, radio communications, and ambient cockpit sounds. As with conventional CVRs and FDRs, data from such a system is stored in a crash-protected unit to ensure survivability.[4]

Since the recorders can sometimes be crushed into unreadable pieces, or even located in deep water, some modern units are self-ejecting (taking advantage of kinetic energy at impact to separate themselves from the aircraft) and also equipped with radio emergency locator transmitters and sonar underwater locator beacons to aid in their location.

On 19 July 2005, the Safe Aviation and Flight Enhancement Act of 2005 was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the U.S. House of Representatives. This bill would require installation of a second cockpit voice recorder, digital flight data recorder system and emergency locator transmitter that utilizes combination deployable recorder technology in each commercial passenger aircraft that is currently required to carry each of those recorders. The deployable recorder system would be ejected from the rear of the aircraft at the moment of an accident. The bill was referred to the House Subcommittee on Aviation during the 108th, 109th, and 110th congresses.

Let us know briefly about Cockpit Voice Recorder

A cockpit voice recorder (CVR), often referred to as a "black box", is a flight recorder used to record the audio environment in the flightdeck of an aircraft for the purpose of investigation of accidents and incidents. This is typically achieved by recording the signals of the microphones and earphones of the pilots headsets and of an area microphone in the roof of the cockpit. The current applicable FAA TSO is C123b titled Cockpit Voice Recorder Equipment.

Where an aircraft is required to carry a CVR and utilises digital communications the CVR is required to record such communications with air traffic control unless this is recorded elsewhere. As of 2005[update] it is an FAA requirement that the recording duration is a minimum of thirty minutes,but the NTSB has long recommended that it should be at least two hours.

What is FDR?

A flight data recorder (FDR) (also ADR, for accident data recorder) is a kind of flight recorder. It is a device used to record specific aircraft performance parameters. Another kind of flight recorder is the cockpit voice recorder (CVR), which records conversation in the cockpit, radio communications between the cockpit crew and others (including conversation with air traffic control personnel), as well as ambient sounds. In some cases, both functions have been combined into a single unit. The current applicable FAA TSO is C124b titled Flight Data Recorder Systems.

Popularly referred to as a "black box", the data recorded by the FDR is used for accident investigation, as well as for analyzing air safety issues, material degradation and engine performance. Due to their importance in investigating accidents, these ICAO-regulated devices are carefully engineered and stoutly constructed to withstand the force of a high speed impact and the heat of an intense fire. Contrary to the "black box" reference, the exterior of the FDR is coated with heat-resistant bright Red paint for high visibility in wreckage, and the unit is usually mounted in the aircraft's empennage (tail section), where it is more likely to survive a severe crash. Following an accident, recovery of the "black boxes" is second in importance only to the rescue of survivors and recovery of human remains.

Let us know about the aircraft.

An aircraft is a vehicle which is able to fly by being supported by the air, or in general, the atmosphere of a planet. An aircraft counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines.

Although rockets and missiles also travel through the atmosphere, most are not considered aircraft because they use rocket thrust instead of aerodynamics as the primary means of lift. However, rocket planes and cruise missiles are considered aircraft because they rely on lift from the air.

The human activity which surrounds aircraft is called aviation. Manned aircraft are flown by an onboard pilot. Unmanned aerial vehicles may be remotely controlled or self-controlled by onboard computers. Target drones are an example of UAVs. Aircraft may be classified by different criteria, such as lift type, propulsion, usage and others.

Let us learn about the abbrevations used in aviation, aerospace and aeronautical sector Part-2

I
Abbreviation Term
IAF Initial approach fix
IAP Instrument approach procedure
IAS Indicated airspeed
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
ICO Idle cut-off
IF Intermediate Approach Fix
IFR Instrument Flight Rules
ILS Instrument Landing System
IMC Instrument Meteorological Conditions
INS Inertial Navigation System
IRS Inertial Reference System
ISA International Standard Atmosphere
L
Abbreviation Term
LCN Load Classification Number
LCG Load Classification Group
LHO Live Human Organs
LLZ Localizer (ILS)
LNAV Lateral Navigation
LOFT Line Oriented Flight Training
LM Land and Marine
M
Abbreviation Term
MAC Mid-air collision
MAP Missed Approach Point
MATS Manual of Air Traffic Services
MDA/H Minimum Descent Altitude/Height
MEDEVAC Medical Evacuation
MEF Maximum Elevation Figure
MLS Microwave Landing System
MM Middle Marker
MOC Minimum Obstacle Clearance
MRO Maintenance Repair Overhaul
MP Manifoil Pressure
MSA Minimum Safe Altitude/Minimum Sector Altitude
MSL Mean Sea Level
MTOW Maximum Take-Off Weight
N
Abbreviation Term
NDB Non-Directional Beacon
O
Abbreviation Term
OCA Obstacle Clearance Altitude
OCH Obstacle Clearance Height
OM Outer Marker
OBE Overcome By Events
P
Abbreviation Term
PANS-OPS Procedures for Air Navigation Services – Aircraft Operations
PAPI Precision Approach Path Indicator
PAR Precision Approach Radar
PDG Procedure Design Gradient
PDAS Public Domain Aeronautical Software
PET Point of Equal Time
PFAF Precision Final Approach Fix
PSR Point of Safe Return
PSU Personal Service Unit
Q
Abbreviation Term
QFE the Q-code for: Atmospheric pressure at a/d elevation (or at THR)
QNH the Q-code for: Altimeter sub-scale setting to obtain elevation when on the ground, i.e. altitude above MSL
R
Abbreviation Term
RA Radio Altitude
RAS Rectified Air Speed
RDH Reference Datum Height for ILS
RNAV Area navigation
RSR En-route Surveillance Radar
RVR Runway Visual Range
RVSM Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum
RWY Runway
S
Abbreviation Term
SIGMET Significant Meteorological Advisory
SOC Start of Climb at Missed Approach
SID Standard Instrument Departure
SR Sunrise
SS Sunset
STAR Standard Terminal Arrival Route
T
Abbreviation Term
TAA Terminal Arrival Area
TACAN Tactical Air Navigation
TAM Total Airport Management
TAS True airspeed
TAR Terminal Approach Radar
TCA Terminal control area
TCAS Traffic Collision Avoidance System
TCH Threshold Crossing Height
TERPS Terminal Procedures
TFR Temporary Flight Restriction
THR Runway Threshold
TOD Top of Descent
TO/GA Take-off/go around
TORA Take-off Run Available
TOW Take-off weight
TOWS Take-off warning system
TP Turning Point at Missed Approach
TRA Temporary Reserved Airspace
TRACON Terminal Radar Approach Control
TTAF Total Time Air Frame
TTSN Total Time Since New
TTSO Total Time Since Overhaul
TWR Tower
TWY Taxiway
U
Abbreviation Term
UAV Unmanned Air Vehicle
UHF Ultra High Frequency
UIR Upper Information Region
UTC Universal Coordinated Time
V
Abbreviation Term
VASI Visual Approach Slope Indicator
VDP Visual Descent Point
VFR Visual flight rules
VHF Very High Frequency
VMC Visual meteorological conditions
VNAV Vertical Navigation
VOR VHF omnidirectional range
V speeds
Abbreviation Term
Va Maneuvering speed
Vfe Maximum flaps extended speed
Vle Maximum landing gear extension speed
Vlo Maximum landing gear operating speed
Vmo Maximum operating speed
Vne Never-exceed speed
Vno Normal operating speed limit
Vs stall speed
Vx Best angle of climb speed
Vy Best rate of climb speed
W
Abbreviation Term
WOFW Weight-off-Wheels, indicates aircraft is off ground since lift off
WONW Weight-on-Wheels, indicates aircraft is on ground since touch down
X
Abbreviation Term
XMIT Transmit
XPDR Transponder
XPNDR Transponder
Z
Abbreviation Term
Z Zulu Time (UTC)

Let us learn about the abbrevations used in aviation, aerospace and aeronautical sector

A
Abrev Term
A/C aircraft
ACAS Airborne Collision Avoidance System
ACARS Aircraft Communication and Addressing Reporting System
ACMS Aircraft Condition Monitoring System
ACC Active Clearance Control
AD Airworthiness Directive
ADC Air Data Computer
ADF Automatic Direction Finder
ADI Attitude Director Indicator
ADS Automatic Dependent Surveillance
AFCS Automatic Flight Control System
AFDS Autopilot Flight Director System
AFS Aeronautical Fixed Service
A/D aerodrome
agl Above ground level
AHRS Attitude Heading Reference System
AIP Aeronautical Information Publication
ALS Approach Lighting System
AMSL Above Mean Sea Level
ANSP Air Navigation Service Provider
AOA Angle of Attack
AOC Air Operator's Certificate
AOM Airport/Aerodrome Operating Minima
APU Auxiliary Power Unit
A/P airplane (US), aeroplane (ICAO)
ARINC Aeronautical Radio Inc.
ARTCC Air Route Traffic Control Centers
ASDA Association for Scientific Development of Air Traffic Management in Europe
ASAS Airborne Separation Assurance System
ASI Airspeed Indicator
asl Above sea level
ASM Airspace management
ATA Air Traffic Association
ATC Air Traffic Control
ATFM Air Traffic Flow Management
ATIS Automatic Terminal Information Service
ATM Air Traffic Management
AT-One Strategic Alliance between DLR and NLR on ATM research and development
ATPL Airline Transport Pilot Licence
ATS Air Traffic Services

B
Abrev Term
BC Back Course
BFH Big F*cking Hammer

C
Abrev Term
CAA Civil Aviation Authority
CAS Calibrated airspeed
CFIT Controlled Flight Into Terrain
CG Center of Gravity
CMV Converted Meteorological Visibility
CPDLC Controller Pilot Data Link Communications
CTAF Common Traffic Advisory Frequency
CVR Cockpit Voice Recorder

D
Abrev Term
DA/H Decision Altitude / Height (rel. to THR) See Instrument Landing System
DER Departure End of Runway
DG Directional Gyro
DLR German Aerospace Center / Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.
DME Distance Measuring Equipment
DR Dead reckoning

E
Abrev Term
EAS Equivalent airspeed
ECAM Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitor
ECET End of civil evening twilight
EICAS Engine Indicator and Crew Alert System
E-LSA Experimental light-sport aircraft
ELT Emergency Locator Transmitter
EPR Engine Pressure Ratio
ESA Emergency Safe Altitude
EFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System

F
Abrev Term
FADEC Full Authority Digital Engine Control
FAF Final Approach Fix
FANS Future Air Navigation System
FAP Final Approach Point
FEP Final End Point
FDR Flight Data Recorder (also known as black box)
FIR Flight Information Region
FL Flight Level
FMC Flight Management Computer (same as FMS)
FMS Flight Management System
FPL Filed Flight Plan
FMC Flight Management Computer
FSF Flight Safety Foundation
FSS Flight Service Station

G
Abrev Term
GCA Ground-controlled approach
GLOC g-Induced Loss of Consciousness, where g is acceleration relevant to the acceleration caused by gravity
GND Ground
GP Glide Path
GPS Global Positioning System
GPWS Ground Proximity Warning System
EGPWS Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System
GA Go-Around
GS Glideslope
GSE Ground Support Equipment

H
Abrev Term
H Heavy
HDG Heading
HL Height Loss
HPA Human Powered Aircraft
HSI Horizontal Situation Indicator
HUD Head-up display

will be continued

Let us see about the early aeronautics

The first mention of aeronautics in history was in the writings of ancient Egyptians who described the flight of birds. It also finds mention in ancient China where people were flying kites thousands of years ago. The medieval Islamic scientists were not far behind, as they understood the actual mechanism of bird flight. Before scientific investigation of aeronautics started, people started thinking of ways to fly. In a Greek legend, Icarus and his father Daedalus built wings of feathers and wax and flew out of a prison. Icarus flew too close to the sun, the wax melted, and he fell in the sea and drowned. When people started to scientifically study how to fly, people began to understand the basics of air and aerodynamics. Ibn Firnas may have tried to fly in 8th century in Cordoba, Al-Andalus.

Roger Bacon and Leonardo da Vinci were some of the first modern Europeans to study aeronautics. Leonardo studied the flight of birds in developing engineering schematics for some of the earliest flying machines in the late fifteenth century AD. His schematics, however, such as the ornithopter ultimately failed as practical aircraft. The flapping machines that he designed were either too small to generate sufficient lift, or too heavy for a human to operate.

Although the ornithopter continues to be of interest to hobbyists, it was replaced by the glider in the 19th century. Sir George Cayley was one of the most important people in the history of aeronautics. Many consider him the first true scientific aerial investigator and the first person to understand the underlying principles and forces of flight.A pioneer of aeronautical engineering,he is credited as the first person to separate the forces of lift and drag which are in effect on any flight vehicle,

Francesco Lana de Terzi, a 17th Century Jesuit professor of physics and mathematics from Brescia, Lombardy, has been referred to as the Father of Aeronautics.In his work Prodromo dell'Arte Maestra (1670) he proposes a lighter-than-air vessel based on logical deductions from previous work ranging from Archimedes and Euclid to his contemporaries Robert Boyle and Otto von Guericke.

What is Aeronautics?

Aeronautics (from Greek ὰήρ āēr which means "air" and ναυτική nautikē which means "navigation, seamanship", i.e. "navigation of the air") is the science involved with the study, design, and manufacture of flight-capable machines, or the techniques of operating aircraft. While the term—literally meaning "sailing the air"—originally referred solely to the science of operating the aircraft, it has since been expanded to include technology, business and other aspects related to aircraft.

One of the significant parts in aeronautics is a branch of physical science called aerodynamics, which deals with the motion of air and the way that it interacts with objects in motion, such as an aircraft. Aviation is a term sometimes used interchangeably with aeronautics, although "aeronautics" includes lighter-than-air craft such as airships, while "aviation" does not.

Courtesy:Online Encylopedia